Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among people living with hepatitis B in Senegal (SEN-B): insights from a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the predominant cause of hepatocellular carcinoma in west Africa, yet data on the incidence of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma remain scarce. We aimed to describe the uptake and early outcomes of systematic ultrasound-based hepatocellular carcinoma screening in SEN-B, which is a prospective HBV cohort in Senegal. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we included treatment-naive, HBsAg-positive individuals who were referred to the two infectious diseases clinics (the Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases and Ambulatory Treatment Center) at Fann University Hospital of Dakar, Senegal, between Oct 1, 2019, and Oct 31, 2022. All participants resided within the Dakar region. Participants underwent abdominal ultrasound, transient elastography, and clinical and virological assessments at inclusion and every 6 months. Liver lesions at least 1 cm in diameter on ultrasound were assessed using four-phase CT, MRI, or liver biopsy. Adherence to hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance was measured using the proportion of time covered, calculated by dividing the cumulative months covered by abdominal ultrasound examinations by the overall follow-up time, defined as the number of months from the date of cohort entry until the last recorded visit, hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis, or death. Optimal adherence was defined as a proportion of time covered of 100%. FINDINGS: Overall, 755 (99·6%) of 758 participants had at least one abdominal ultrasound performed. The median age of the enrolled participants was 31 years (IQR 25-39), 355 (47·0%) of 755 participants were women, and 82 (10·9%) had a family history of hepatocellular carcinoma. 15 (2·0%) of 755 individuals were HBeAg positive, 206 (27·3%) of 755 individuals had HBV DNA of more than 2000 IU/mL, and 27 (3·6%) of 755 had elastography-defined liver cirrhosis. Of ten (1·3%) participants with a focal lesion at least 1 cm at initial assessment, CT or MRI ruled out hepatocellular carcinoma in nine, whereas imaging and subsequent liver biopsy confirmed one patient with hepatocellular carcinoma. Two further patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were diagnosed at study presentation due to the presence of portal thrombosis on ultrasound. Excluding the three participants with hepatocellular carcinoma identified at baseline, 752 participants were eligible for screening every 6 months. Median follow-up time was 12 months (IQR 6-18) and the median number of ultrasounds per patient was 3 (2-4). During 809·5 person-years of follow-up, one incident hepatocellular carcinoma was reported, resulting in an incidence rate of 1·24 cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI 0·18-8·80). Overall, 702 (93·0%) of 755 participants showed optimal hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance, but this proportion decreased to 77·8% (42 of 54 participants) after 24 months. INTERPRETATION: Hepatocellular carcinoma screening is feasible in HBV research cohorts in west Africa, but its longer-term acceptability needs to be evaluated. Long-term hepatocellular carcinoma incidence data are crucial for shaping tailored screening recommendations. FUNDING: Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swiss Cancer Research Foundation, the National Cancer Institute, and Roche Diagnostics. TRANSLATION: For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Perceptions, facilitators and barriers to the implementation of interpersonal group therapy to treat depression among people living with HIV in Senegal: a qualitative study.

Background: Depression is highly prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) but remains under treated in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this context, we conducted the first study of Group Interpersonal Therapy (IPT) to treat depression in PLWH in Senegal. We assessed the perceptions and experiences of patients and group facilitators, as well as barriers to implementation. Methods: This study was conducted at the Fann National University Hospital Center in Dakar, the urban capital of Senegal. Qualitative data were collected during the implementation phase (February to June 2020 and then from January to February 2021), with a 6-month pause due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty-five patients and three group facilitators were individually interviewed by a socio-anthropologist. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results: Group IPT was perceived as successful and beneficial by patients and facilitators. Patients reported positive experiences with group IPT and sustained outcomes. Beyond improving depressive symptoms, patients reported improvements in their social and professional lives, and the development of skills to prevent relapse. Group facilitators noted the benefits of therapy for their patients and for their professional skills, reporting greater clinical competence and improved supportive skills. Challenges to intervention implementation included confidentiality and patient privacy concerns, healthcare accessibility issues, and time demands. Conclusion: In this first qualitative study of group IPT for depression in PLWH in Senegal, participants described both positive experiences with the intervention and challenges to its implementation. Future studies, conducted in suburban and rural communities outside of Dakar, would further inform the implementation of IPT in Senegal.

Development and evaluation of a simple treatment eligibility score (HEPSANET) to decentralise hepatitis B care in Africa: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) elimination requires expanding and decentralising HBV care services. However, peripheral health facilities lack access to diagnostic tools to assess eligibility for antiviral therapy. Through the Hepatitis B in Africa Collaborative Network (HEPSANET), we aimed to develop and evaluate a score using tests generally available at lower-level facilities, to simplify the evaluation of antiviral therapy eligibility in people living with HBV. METHODS: We surveyed the availability of clinical and laboratory parameters across different health-care levels in sub-Saharan Africa. We used data from the HEPSANET dataset, the largest cross-sectional dataset of treatment-naive people living with HBV in sub-Saharan Africa, to derive and validate the score. Participants from this dataset were included in the analysis if they were aged 18 years or older and had liver fibrosis stages determined by a liver stiffness measurement or liver histopathology. Participants with co-infections or metabolic disorders were excluded. We allocated participants to the derivation and validation sets by geographical site. In the derivation set, we used stepwise logistic regression to identify the best performing parameters for identifying participants that met the 2017 European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) criteria. Regression coefficients were converted into integer points to construct simplified algorithms for different health-care levels. In the validation set, we estimated the area under the receiver operating characteristic, sensitivity, and specificity of the simplified algorithm for identifying antiviral therapy eligibility defined by the 2017 EASL criteria. FINDINGS: At 11 sites from eight countries that returned surveys, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and platelet count were generally available at district hospital levels, and hepatitis B e antigen and point-of-care HBV DNA tests were available only at regional and provincial hospital levels or above. Among 2895 participants included from the HEPSANET database (1740 [60·1%] male, 1155 [39·9%] female), 409 (14·1%) met EASL antiviral therapy eligibility criteria. In the derivation set, the optimal district-level hospital score was: ALT (IU/L), less than 40 (0 points), 40-79 (+1), 80 or greater (+2); AST (IU/L), less than 40 (0), 40-79 (+1), 80 or greater (+2); and platelet counts (109/L), less than 100 (+2), 100-149 (+1), 150 or greater (0). When combined with family history and clinical data for decompensated cirrhosis that do not require any biological tests, a cut-off of 2 points or more had a sensitivity and specificity of 82% (95% CI 76-86) and 95% (93-96) to identify treatment-eligible individuals in the derivation set, and 78% (71-85) and 87% (86-89) in the validation set, respectively. INTERPRETATION: Using a score incorporating platelet counts, AST, and ALT, the majority of people living with HBV requiring antiviral therapy can be identified. Our findings suggest that clinical staging can be decentralised down to district hospital level in sub-Saharan Africa. FUNDING: European Association for the Study of the Liver Foundation, John C Martin Foundation. TRANSLATION: For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Antiviral Activity of Lenacapavir Against HIV-2 Isolates and Drug-resistant HIV-2 Mutants.

The activity of lenacapavir against HIV-1 has been extensively evaluated in vitro, but comparable data for HIV-2 are scarce. We determined the anti-HIV-2 activity of lenacapavir using single-cycle infections of MAGIC-5A cells and multicycle infections of a T cell line. Lenacapavir exhibited low-nanomolar activity against HIV-2, but was 11- to 14-fold less potent against HIV-2 in comparison to HIV-1. Mutations in HIV-2 that confer resistance to other antiretrovirals did not confer cross-resistance to lenacapavir. Although lenacapavir-containing regimens might be considered for appropriate patients with HIV-2, more frequent viral load and/or CD4 testing may be needed to assess clinical response.

Management of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS in Senegal: Acceptability, feasibility and benefits of group interpersonal therapy.

Depression is highly prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) and has negative consequences for daily life and care. We evaluated for the first time the acceptability, feasibility and benefits of group interpersonal therapy (IPT), combined with a task-shifting approach, to treat depression in PLWH in Senegal. PLWH with depression received group IPT following the World Health Organization protocol. Acceptability and feasibility criteria were defined from the literature data. The PHQ-9, the WHODAS, and the 12-item-stigma scale were used, pre- and post-treatment, including a 3-month follow-up, to assess depressive symptom severity, functioning and stigma, respectively. General linear mixed models were used to describe changes in outcomes over time. Of 69 participants, 60 completed group IPT. Refusal to enroll and dropout rates were 6.6 and 12.7%, respectively. Ninety-seven percent of participants attended at least seven out of eight sessions. Patients and facilitators endorsed group IPT, with willingness to recommend it. Depressive symptoms and disability improved drastically and sustainably. We showed that group IPT is well accepted and feasible in Senegal as treatment for depression in PLWH. Combined with a task-shifting approach, it can narrow the gap in mental health treatment. Implementation may be enhanced by refining patient identification procedures and increasing treatment accessibility.

Metabolic and Immune Consequences of Antibiotic Related Microbiome Alterations during first-line Tuberculosis Treatment in Bamako, Mali.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) infection is known to lead to the unbalance of the gut microbiota and act synergistically on the decline of the host immune response, when untreated. Moreover, previous work has found a correlation between dysbiosis in the gut microbiota composition and the use of antibiotics. However, there is a need for an in-depth understanding of the metabolic and immune consequences of antibiotic-related microbiome alterations during first-line TB treatment. Methods: In a longitudinal cohort study, which included TB-infected cohorts and healthy individuals (control group), we studied the anti-TB-related changes in the gut microbiota composition and related functional consequences. Sputum, whole blood and stool samples were collected from participants at four time-points including before (Month-0), during (Month-2), at the end of drug treatment (Month-6) and 9 months after treatment (Month-15). Controls were sampled at inclusion and Month-6. We analyzed the microbiota composition and microbial functional pathways with shotgun metagenomics, analyzed the blood metabolomics using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and measured the levels of metabolites and cytokines with cytometric bead array. Results: We found that the gut microbiota of patients infected with TB was different from that of the healthy controls. The gut microbiota became similar to healthy controls after treatment but was still significantly different after 6 months treatment and at the follow up 9 months after treatment. Our data also showed disturbance in the plasma metabolites such as tryptophan and tricarboxylic acids components of patients during TB treatment. Levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ decreased during treatment and levels were maintained after treatment completion, while IL-17A known to have a strong link with the gut microbiota was highly expressed during treatment period and longer than the 9-month post treatment completion. We found that some fatty acids were negatively correlated with the abundance of taxa. For example, Roseburia, Megasphaera, and alpha proteobacterium HIMB5 species were negatively correlated (rho = -0.6) with the quinolinate production. Conclusion: Changes in the composition and function of gut microbiota was observed in TB patients before and after treatment compared to healthy controls. The differences persisted at nine months after treatment completion. Alterations in some bacterial taxa were correlated to the changes in metabolite levels in peripheral blood, thus the altered microbial community might lead to changes in immune status that influence the disease outcome and future resistance to infections.

Informing a target product profile for rapid tests to identify HBV-infected pregnant women with high viral loads: a discrete choice experiment with African healthcare workers.

BACKGROUND: Elimination of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) requires infant immunoprophylaxis and antiviral prophylaxis for pregnant women with high viral loads. Since real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a gold standard for assessing antiviral eligibility, is neither accessible nor affordable for women living in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) detecting alternative HBV markers may be needed. To inform future development of the target product profile (TPP) for RDTs to identify highly viremic women, we used a discrete choice experiment (DCE) and elicited preference and trade-off of healthcare workers (HCW) in Africa between the following four attributes of fictional RDTs: price, time-to-result, diagnostic sensitivity, and specificity. METHODS: Through an online questionnaire survey, we asked participants to indicate their preferred test from a set of two RDTs in seven choice tasks with varying levels of the four attributes. We used mixed multinomial logit models to quantify the utility gain or loss generated by each attribute. We attempted to define minimal and optimal criteria for test attributes that can satisfy ≥ 70% and ≥ 90% of HCWs, respectively, as an alternative to RT-PCR. RESULTS: A total of 555 HCWs from 41 African countries participated. Increases in sensitivity and specificity generated significant utility and increases in cost and time-to-result generated significant disutility. The size of the coefficients for the highest attribute levels relative to the reference levels were in the following order: sensitivity (ß = 3.749), cost (ß = -2.550), specificity (ß = 1.134), and time-to-result (ß = -0.284). Doctors cared most about test sensitivity, while public health practitioners cared about cost and midwives about time-to-result. For an RDT with 95% specificity, costing 1 US$, and yielding results in 20 min, the minimally acceptable test sensitivity would be 82.5% and the optimally acceptable sensitivity would be 87.5%. CONCLUSIONS: African HCWs would prefer an RDT with the following order of priority: higher sensitivity, lower cost, higher specificity, and shorter time-to-result. The development and optimization of RDTs that can meet the criteria are urgently needed to scale up the prevention of HBV mother-to-child transmission in LMICs.

Hepatitis B in Africa Collaborative Network: cohort profile and analysis of baseline data.

Approximately 80 million people live with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the WHO Africa Region. The natural history of HBV infection in this population is poorly characterised, and may differ from patterns observed elsewhere due to differences in prevailing genotypes, environmental exposures, co-infections, and host genetics. Existing research is largely drawn from small, single-centre cohorts, with limited follow-up time. The Hepatitis B in Africa Collaborative Network (HEPSANET) was established in 2022 to harmonise the process of ongoing data collection, analysis, and dissemination from 13 collaborating HBV cohorts in eight African countries. Research priorities for the next 5 years were agreed upon through a modified Delphi survey prior to baseline data analysis being conducted. Baseline data on 4,173 participants with chronic HBV mono-infection were collected, of whom 38.3% were women and the median age was 34 years (interquartile range 28-42). In total, 81.3% of cases were identified through testing of asymptomatic individuals. HBeAg-positivity was seen in 9.6% of participants. Follow-up of HEPSANET participants will generate evidence to improve the diagnosis and management of HBV in this region.

Patient-reported outcomes with direct-acting antiviral treatment for hepatitis C in West and Central Africa (TAC ANRS 12311 trial).

Background & Aims: Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are poorly documented for patients with chronic hepatitis C on direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in low-to-middle-income countries. We documented PROs during and after DAA treatment in participants of the TAC ANRS 12311 trial (West and Central Africa). Methods: Trial participants received a 12-week regimen containing either sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (HCV genotype 2, n = 40), or sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir (HCV genotypes 1 and 4, n = 80). Health-related quality of life (SF-12), fatigue (Piper Fatigue scale), and self-reported symptoms (35-symptom list) were assessed at enrolment (Week (W) 0), during treatment (W2, W4, W8 and W12) and after treatment (W24 and W36). These PROs were compared between W0 and W36 (Wilcoxon signed-rank or McNemar tests). Mixed-effects linear regression models helped identify correlates of physical and mental quality of life component summaries (PCS and MCS) in a longitudinal analysis. Results: Most PROs were significantly improved 24 weeks after treatment end (W36), without significant differences between treatment groups. For the post-treatment period, multivariable analysis showed significant increases in PCS for patients with cirrhosis and in MCS for patients in the sofosbuvir plus ribavirin group. A higher number of self-reported symptoms at W0 was associated with lower PCS and MCS, older age and cirrhosis with lower PCS, and male sex and HCV cure with higher PCS. Conclusions: Sofosbuvir-based DAA therapy was associated with a significant improvement in PROs 6 months after treatment end in patients with chronic HCV infection from Central and West Africa. These findings may guide HCV treatment providers in low-to-middle-income countries to deliver pre-treatment information concerning the benefits of DAAs beyond viral eradication. ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier: NCT02405013. Impact and implications: Perceptions and experiences (i.e. "patient-reported outcomes") of patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) are poorly documented in the African setting. This study shows significant improvements in health-related quality of life, fatigue, and self-reported symptoms 24 weeks after the end of a 12-week sofosbuvir-based DAA regimen in 120 patients from Central and West Africa. These findings substantially add to the body of knowledge about DAA therapy in the African setting. Treatment providers should be encouraged to inform patients of the benefits of DAAs beyond viral eradication, to increase treatment adherence and retention in care.

Systematic review and individual-patient-data meta-analysis of non-invasive fibrosis markers for chronic hepatitis B in Africa.

In sub-Saharan Africa, simple biomarkers of liver fibrosis are needed to scale-up hepatitis B treatment. We conducted an individual participant data meta-analysis of 3,548 chronic hepatitis B patients living in eight sub-Saharan African countries to assess the World Health Organization-recommended aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index and two other fibrosis biomarkers using a Bayesian bivariate model. Transient elastography was used as a reference test with liver stiffness measurement thresholds at 7.9 and 12.2kPa indicating significant fibrosis and cirrhosis, respectively. At the World Health Organization-recommended cirrhosis threshold (>2.0), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index had sensitivity (95% credible interval) of only 16.5% (12.5-20.5). We identified an optimised aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index rule-in threshold (>0.65) for liver stiffness measurement >12.2kPa with sensitivity and specificity of 56.2% (50.5-62.2) and 90.0% (89.0-91.0), and an optimised rule-out threshold (<0.36) with sensitivity and specificity of 80.6% (76.1-85.1) and 64.3% (62.8-65.8). Here we show that the World Health Organization-recommended aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index threshold is inappropriately high in sub-Saharan Africa; improved rule-in and rule-out thresholds can optimise treatment recommendations in this setting.

Intrinsic resistance of HIV-2 and SIV to the maturation inhibitor GSK2838232.

GSK2838232 (GSK232) is a novel maturation inhibitor that blocks the proteolytic cleavage of HIV-1 Gag at the junction of capsid and spacer peptide 1 (CA/SP1), rendering newly-formed virions non-infectious. To our knowledge, GSK232 has not been tested against HIV-2, and there are limited data regarding the susceptibility of HIV-2 to other HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. To assess the potential utility of GSK232 as an option for HIV-2 treatment, we determined the activity of the compound against a panel of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates in culture. GSK232 was highly active against HIV-1 isolates from group M subtypes A, B, C, D, F, and group O, with IC50 values ranging from 0.25-0.92 nM in spreading (multi-cycle) assays and 1.5-2.8 nM in a single cycle of infection. In contrast, HIV-2 isolates from groups A, B, and CRF01_AB, and SIV isolates SIVmac239, SIVmac251, and SIVagm.sab-2, were highly resistant to GSK232. To determine the role of CA/SP1 in the observed phenotypes, we constructed a mutant of HIV-2ROD9 in which the sequence of CA/SP1 was modified to match the corresponding sequence found in HIV-1. The resulting variant was fully susceptible to GSK232 in the single-cycle assay (IC50 = 1.8 nM). Collectively, our data indicate that the HIV-2 and SIV isolates tested in our study are intrinsically resistant to GSK232, and that the determinants of resistance map to CA/SP1. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the differential susceptibility of HIV-1 and HIV-2/SIV to GSK232 require further investigation.

Linear epitope mapping of the humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 in two independent African cohorts.

Profiling of the antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins in African populations is scarce. Here, we performed a detailed IgM and IgG epitope mapping study against 487 peptides covering SARS-CoV-2 wild-type structural proteins. A panel of 41 pre-pandemic and 82 COVID-19 RT-PCR confirmed sera from Madagascar and Senegal were used. We found that the main 36 immunodominant linear epitopes identified were (i) similar in both countries, (ii) distributed mainly in the Spike and the Nucleocapsid proteins, (iii) located outside the RBD and NTD regions where most of the reported SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations occur, and (iv) identical to those reported in European, North American, and Asian studies. Within the severe group, antibody levels were inversely correlated with the viral load. This first antibody epitope mapping study performed in patients from two African countries may be helpful to guide rational peptide-based diagnostic assays or vaccine development.

Factors associated with verbal fluency in older adults living with HIV in West Africa: A longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: Verbal fluency decline, observed both in aging and HIV infection, has been related to lower quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with categorical fluency in people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged ≥60 years living in West Africa. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, PLHIV aged ≥60 years, on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for ≥6 months were included in three clinics (two in Côte d'Ivoire, one in Senegal) participating in the West Africa International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) collaboration. Categorical fluency was evaluated with the Isaacs Set Test at 60 s at baseline and 2 years later. Factors associated with verbal fluency baseline performance and annual rates of changes were evaluated using multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS: Ninety-seven PLHIV were included with 41 of them (42%) having a 2-year follow-up visit. The median age was 64 (62-67), 45.4% were female, and 89.7% had an undetectable viral load. The median annual change in categorical fluency scores was -0.9 (IQR: -2.7 to 1.8). Low baseline categorical fluency performance and its decline were associated with older age and being a female. Low educational level was associated with low baseline categorical fluency performance but not with its decline. Categorical fluency decline was also associated with marital status and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Among older West African PLHIV, usual socio-demographic variables and hypertension were the main factors associated with low categorical fluency performance and/or its decline. Interventions that focus on supporting cardiometabolic health are highly recommended to prevent cognitive disorders in PLHIV.

Liver Disease and Treatment Needs of Asymptomatic Persons Living With Hepatitis B in Senegal.

The prevalence of active hepatitis B among asymptomatic persons remains unclear in Africa. Of 1206 newly diagnosed persons in Senegal, 12.3% had significant fibrosis and 31.3% had hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels >2000 IU/mL. Overall, 128 (12.9%) were eligible for antiviral therapy. Generalized HBV screening allowed the identification of a large population requiring HBV care.

First wave COVID-19 pandemic in Senegal: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread from China to the rest of the world. Africa seems less impacted with lower number of cases and deaths than other continents. Senegal recorded its first case on March 2, 2020. We present here data collected from March 2 to October 31, 2020 in Senegal. METHODS: Socio-demographic, epidemiological, clinical and virological information were collected on suspected cases. To determine factors associated with diagnosed infection, symptomatic disease and death, multivariable binary logistic regression and log binomial models were used. Epidemiological parameters such as the reproduction number and growth rate were estimated. RESULTS: 67,608 suspected cases were tested by the IPD laboratories (13,031 positive and 54,577 negative). All age categories were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, but also patients having diabetes or hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases. With diagnosed infection, patients over 65 years and those with hypertension and cardiovascular disease and diabetes were highly associated with death. Patients with co-morbidities were associated with symptomatic disease, but only the under 15 years were not associated with. Among infected, 27.67% were asymptomatic (40.9% when contacts were systematically tested; 12.11% when only symptomatic or high-risk contacts were tested). Less than 15 years-old were mostly asymptomatic (63.2%). Dakar accounted for 81.4% of confirmed cases. The estimated mean serial interval was 5.57 (± 5.14) days. The average reproduction number was estimated at 1.161 (95%CI: 1.159-1.162), the growth rate was 0.031 (95%CI: 0.028-0.034) per day. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that factors associated with symptomatic COVID-19 and death are advanced age (over 65 years-old) and comorbidities such as diabetes and hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Prevalence and Predictors of Liver Fibrosis in People Living with Hepatitis B in Senegal.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the first cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer in West Africa. Although the exposure to additional environmental and infectious risk factors may lead to the faster progression of liver disease, few large-scale studies have evaluated the determinants of HBV-related liver fibrosis in the region. We used transient elastography to evaluate the prevalence of liver fibrosis and assessed the association between HBV markers and significant liver fibrosis in a cohort of people living with HBV in Dakar, Senegal. The prevalence of significant liver fibrosis was 12.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.6%−15.9%) among 471 people with HBV mono-infection (pwHBV) and 6.4% (95% CI 2.6%−12.7%) in 110 people with HIV/HBV co-infection (pwHIV/HBV) on tenofovir-containing antiretroviral therapy (p = 0.07). An HBV viral load > 2000 IU/mL was found in 133 (28.3%) pwHBV and 5 (4.7%) pwHIV/HBV, and was associated with significant liver fibrosis (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.95, 95% CI 1.04−3.66). Male participants (aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.01−8.96) and those with elevated ALT (aOR 4.32, 95% CI 2.01−8.96) were especially at risk of having significant liver fibrosis. Our study shows that people with an HBV viral load above 2000 IU/mL have a two-fold increase in the risk of liver fibrosis and may have to be considered for antiviral therapy, independent of other disease parameters.

Cost-utility analysis of four WHO-recommended sofosbuvir-based regimens for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in sub-Saharan Africa.

BACKGROUND: Although direct-acting antivirals (DAA) have become standard care for patients with chronic hepatitis C worldwide, there is no evidence for their value for money in sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of four sofosbuvir-based regimens recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal. METHODS: Using modelling, we simulated chronic hepatitis C progression with and without treatment in hypothetical cohorts of patients infected with the country's predominant genotypes (1, 2 and 4) and without other viral coinfections, history of liver complication or hepatocellular carcinoma. Using the status-quo 'no DAA treatment' as a comparator, we assessed four regimens: sofosbuvir-ribavirin, sofosbuvir-ledipasvir (both recommended in WHO 2016 guidelines and assessed in the TAC pilot trial conducted in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal), sofosbuvir-daclatasvir and sofosbuvir-ledipasvir (two pangenotypic regimens recommended in WHO 2018 guidelines). DAA effectiveness, costs and utilities were mainly estimated using data from the TAC pilot trial. Secondary data from the literature was used to estimate disease progression probabilities with and without treatment. We considered two DAA pricing scenarios: S1) originator prices; S2) generic prices. Uncertainty was addressed using probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves. RESULTS: With slightly higher effectiveness and significantly lower costs, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir was the preferred DAA regimen in S1 with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) ranging from US$526 to US$632/QALY. At the cost-effectiveness threshold (CET) of 0.5 times the 2017 country's per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), sofosbuvir/velpatasvir was only cost-effective in Senegal (probability > 95%). In S2 at generic prices, sofosbuvir/daclatasvir was the preferred regimen due to significantly lower costs. ICERs ranged from US$139 to US$216/QALY according to country i.e. a 95% probability of being cost-effective. Furthermore, this regimen was cost-effective (probability> 95%) for all CET higher than US$281/QALY, US$223/QALY and US$195/QALY in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal, respectively, corresponding to 0.14 (Côte d'Ivoire and Senegal) and 0.2 (Cameroon) times the country's per-capita GDP. CONCLUSIONS: Generic sofosbuvir/daclatasvir is very cost-effective for treating chronic hepatitis C in sub-Saharan Africa. Large-scale use of generics and an increase in national and international funding for hepatitis C treatment must be priorities for the HCV elimination agenda.

Spectrum of Activity of Raltegravir and Dolutegravir Against Novel Treatment-Associated Mutations in HIV-2 Integrase: A Phenotypic Analysis Using an Expanded Panel of Site-Directed Mutants.

BACKGROUND: Integrase inhibitors (INIs) are a key component of antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 infection. Although INI resistance pathways are well-defined for HIV-1, mutations that emerge in HIV-2 in response to INIs are incompletely characterized. METHODS: We performed systematic searches of GenBank and HIV-2 drug resistance literature to identify treatment-associated mutations for phenotypic evaluation. We then constructed a library of 95 mutants of HIV-2ROD9 that contained single or multiple amino acid changes in the integrase protein. Each variant was tested for susceptibility to raltegravir and dolutegravir using a single-cycle indicator cell assay. RESULTS: We observed extensive cross-resistance between raltegravir and dolutegravir in HIV-2ROD9. HIV-2-specific integrase mutations Q91R, E92A, A153G, and H157Q/S, which have not been previously characterized, significantly increased the half maximum effective concentration (EC50) for raltegravir when introduced into 1 or more mutational backgrounds; mutations E92A/Q, T97A, and G140A/S conferred similar enhancements of dolutegravir resistance. HIV-2ROD9 variants encoding G118R alone, or insertions of residues SREGK or SREGR at position 231, were resistant to both INIs. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis demonstrates the contributions of novel INI-associated mutations to raltegravir and dolutegravir resistance in HIV-2. These findings should help to improve algorithms for genotypic drug resistance testing in HIV-2-infected individuals.

Food insecurity predicts loss to follow-up among people living with HIV in Senegal, West Africa.

The goals of this study were to assess retention on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and to identify predictors of loss to follow-up (LTFU) among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Senegal. HIV-positive individuals presenting for initiation of ART in Dakar and Ziguinchor were enrolled and followed for 12 months. Data were collected using interviews, clinical evaluations, laboratory analyses, chart review, and active patient tracing. Of the 207 individuals enrolled, 70% were female, 32% had no formal education, and 28% were severely food insecure. At the end of the follow-up period, 58% were retained on ART, 15% were deceased, 4% had transferred care, 5% had migrated, and 16% were lost to follow-up. Enrollment in Ziguinchor (OR 2.71 [1.01-7.22]) and severe food insecurity (OR 2.55 [1.09-5.96]) were predictive of LTFU. Sex, age, CD4 count, BMI <18.5, country of birth, marital status, number of children, household size, education, consultation with traditional healers, transportation time, and transportation cost were not associated with LTFU. The strongest predictor of severe food insecurity was lack of formal education (OR 2.75 [1.30-5.80]). Addressing the upstream drivers of food insecurity and implementing strategies to enhance food security for PLHIV may be effective approaches to reduce LTFU and strengthen the HIV care cascade in the region.

Hepatitis B screening practices and viral control among persons living with HIV in urban Senegal.

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects >10% of the general population and is the leading cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer in West Africa. Despite current recommendations, HBV is often not tested for in clinical routine in the region. We included all people living with HIV (PLWH) in care between March and July 2019 at Fann University Hospital in Dakar (Senegal) and proposed hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test to those never tested. All HBsAg-positive underwent HIV and HBV viral load (VL) and liver stiffness measurement. We evaluated, using logistic regression, potential associations between patient characteristics and (a) HBV testing uptake; (b) HIV/HBV co-infection among individual HBsAg tested. We determined the proportion of co-infected who had HBV DNA >20 IU/ml on ART and sequenced HBV polymerase in those with HBV replication.of 1076 PLWH in care, 689 (64.0%) had never had an HBsAg test prior to our HBV testing intervention. Women and individuals >40 years old were less likely to have been previously tested. After HBV testing intervention,107/884 (12.1%) PLWH were HBsAg-positive. Seven of 58 (12.1%) individuals newly diagnosed with HIV/HBV co-infection had a detectable HBV VL, of whom five were HIV-suppressed. Two patients on ART including 3TC and AZT as backbone showed the presence of the triple resistance mutation 180M/204I/80V. In this Senegalese urban HIV clinic, the majority of patients on ART had never been tested for HBV infection. One in ten co-infected individuals had a detectable HBV VL despite HIV suppression, and 8% were not receiving a TDF-containing regimen.